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The maintainers of the package need to update the package to include a NAMESPACE file. That said, you might have luck inserting the NAMESPACE file yourself as a hack. It looks like ASReml is closed source, but you have the.zip file. Try unzipping it.

Top of page Abstract. Tree-row plots within 10 replicate blocks and 2.5 by 2. Hdderase 3 3 Isotopes more. 5 mm. Mrode, 2014) was implemented using ASReml v. 3.0 software. Whats New in Release 2 Introduction These notes relating to ASReml 2 are intended for those familiar with ASReml 1 and describe additions to the syntax.

Then, create a simple text file containing: exportPattern('^[^.]') Save it as NAMESPACE (be careful that there is no extension like.txt, Windows sometimes sneaks these in). Place NAMESPACE in the top folder of the unzipped package (should be something like asreml.d/; there will also be a DESCRIPTION file there).

If there is an MD5 file, you should probably delete it. Now, re-zip the asreml.d/ directory. See if the new zip file works. For more on NAMESPACE, see. NB This might be bad advice. But it seems like it would work. Minitab quality companion 3 crack download. It won't hurt anything.

ASReml Help Paths and Loops Introduction ASReml was designed to analyse just one model per run. However, the analysis of a data set typically requires many runs, fitting different models to different traits. It is often convenient to have all these runs coded into a single.as file and control the details from the command line (or top job control line) using arguments. The highlevel qualifiers!CYCLE and!DOPATH with!RENAME and enable multiple analyses to be defined and run in one execution of ASReml.!CYCLE [!SAMEDATA]!CYCLE list is a mechanism whereby ASReml can loop through a series of jobs, writing all the output to a single file (of each output type). The!CYCLE qualifier must appear on its own line, starting in character 1. List is a series of values which are substituted into the job wherever the $I string appears.

For example!CYCLE 0.4 0.5 0.6 20 0 mat2 1.9 $I!GPF would result in three runs and the results would be appended to a single file. When list contains an integer sequence, the sequence can be given as i:j for example!CYCLE 1:1000 would generate 1000 analyses in one job. A cycle string may consist of up to 4 substrings, separated by a semicolon and referenced as $I $J $K and $L respectively. For example!CYCLE Y1;X1 Y2;X2 $I ~ mu $J When cycling is active, an extra line is written to the.asr file containing some details of the cycle in a form which can be extracted to form an analysis summary by searching for LogL.

A heading for this extra line is written in the first cycle. For example LogL: LogL Residual NEDF NIT Cycle Text LogL: -208.97 0.703148 587 6 1466 'LogL Converged' LogL: line with the highest LogL value repeated at the end of the.asr file. All the standard output from use of CYCLE is written sequentially to the respective output files. Consequently, some output files may become huge.

Therefore, if particular output is not required, it should be suppressed. Use!SLNFORM -1 to suppress the.sln file;!YHTFORM -1 to suppress the.yht file;!TXTFORM -1 to suppress the.sln,.yht and.pvs files. ASReml will reduce the output to the.asr file after the first cycle, in particular the data summary.

Use!BRIEF -1 to prevent that reduction.!SAMEDATA Reading the data file can be a significant component of execution time when the data file is large. If the data used in each CYCLE is the same, this overhead can be avoided by specifying!SAMEDATA.

Note that 'same data' means the same records and variables in the data summary, not necessarily the same response variable or model variables.!DOPATH and!PATH The qualifiers!DOPART and!PART have been extended in release 2.0 and!DOPATH and!PATH are thought to be more appropriate names. Both spellings can be used interchangably.!DOPATH n allows several analyses to be coded and run sequentially without having to edit the.as file between runs. Which particular lines in the.as file are honoured is controlled by the argument n in conjunction with!PATH (or!PART) statements. The argument ( n) is often given as $1 indicating that the actual path to use is specified as the first on the command line. The default value of n is 1.!DOPATH n can be located anywhere in the job but if placed on the top job control line, it cannot have the form!DOPATH $1 unless the arguments are on the command line as the!DOPATH qualifier will be parsed before any job arguments on the same line are parsed.!PATH list must be at the beginning of its own line anywhere in the job after the DOPATH qualifier. List contains the path numbers for the following lines (until the next!PATH statement) so that the following lines are honoured if any one of the listed path numbers is active.

Mydata.asd!DOPATH 4!PATH 2 4 6. Situation where this might be useful is where it is necessary to run simpler models to get reasonable starting values for more complex variance models. The more complex models are specified in later parts and the!CONTINUE command is used to pick up the previous estimates.

Learning Objective

• Discuss the chemical properties of hydrogen’s naturally occurring isotopes.

Key Points

• Protium is the most prevalent hydrogen isotope, with an abundance of 99.98%. It consists of one proton and one electron. It is typically not found in its monoatomic form, but bonded with itself (H₂) or other elements.
• Deuterium is a hydrogen isotope consisting of one proton, one neutron and one electron. It has major applications in nuclear magnetic resonance studies.
• Tritium is a hydrogen isotope consisting of one proton, two neutrons and one electron. It is radioactive, with a half-life of 12.32 years.

Terms

• diatomicConsisting of two atoms.
• isotopeForms of an element where the atoms have a different number of neutrons within their nuclei. As a consequence, atoms of the same isotope will have the same atomic number, but a different mass number.

Properties of Isotopes of Hydrogen

Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes: ¹H (protium), ²H (deuterium), and ³H (tritium). Other highly unstable nuclei (⁴H to ⁷H) have been synthesized in the laboratory, but do not occur in nature. The most stable radioisotope of hydrogen is tritium, with a half-life of 12.32 years. All heavier isotopes are synthetic and have a half-life less than a zeptosecond (10^-21 sec). Of these, ⁵H is the most stable, and the least stable isotope is ⁷H .

Protium

¹H is the most common hydrogen isotope with an abundance of more than 99.98%. The nucleus of this isotope consists of only a single proton (atomic number = mass number = 1) and its mass is 1.007825 amu. Hydrogen is generally found as diatomic hydrogen gas H₂, or it combines with other atoms in compounds—monoatomic hydrogen is rare. The H–H bond is one of the strongest bonds in nature, with a bond dissociation enthalpy of 435.88 kJ/mol at 298 K. As a consequence, H₂ dissociates to only a minor extent until higher temperatures are reached. At 3000K, the degree of dissociation is only 7.85%. Hydrogen atoms are so reactive that they combine with almost all elements.

Deuterium

²H, or deuterium (D), is the other stable isotope of hydrogen. It has a natural abundance of ~156.25 ppm in the oceans, and accounts for approximately 0.0156% of all hydrogen found on earth. The nucleus of deuterium, called a deuteron, contains one proton and one neutron (mass number = 2), whereas the far more common hydrogen isotope, protium, has no neutrons in the nucleus. Because of the extra neutron present in the nucleus, deuterium is roughly twice the mass of protium (deuterium has a mass of 2.014102 amu, compared to the mean hydrogen atomic mass of 1.007947 amu). Deuterium occurs in trace amounts naturally as deuterium gas, written ²H₂ or D₂, but is most commonly found in the universe bonded with a protium ¹H atom, forming a gas called hydrogen deuteride (HD or ¹H²H).

Chemically, deuterium behaves similarly to ordinary hydrogen (protium), but there are differences in bond energy and length for compounds of heavy hydrogen isotopes, which are larger than the isotopic differences in any other element. Bonds involving deuterium and tritium are somewhat stronger than the corresponding bonds in protium, and these differences are enough to make significant changes in biological reactions. Deuterium can replace the normal hydrogen in water molecules to form heavy water (D₂O), which is about 10.6% denser than normal water. Heavy water is slightly toxic in eukaryotic animals, with 25% substitution of the body water causing cell division problems and sterility, and 50% substitution causing death by cytotoxic syndrome (bone marrow failure and gastrointestinal lining failure). Consumption of heavy water does not pose a health threat to humans. It is estimated that a 70 kg person might drink 4.8 liters of heavy water without serious consequences.

The most common use for deuterium is in nuclear resonance spectroscopy. As nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) requires compounds of interest to be dissolved in solution, the solution signal should not register in the analysis. As NMR analyzes the nuclear spins of hydrogen atoms, the different nuclear spin property of deuterium is not ‘seen’ by the NMR instrument, making deuterated solvents highly desirable due to the lack of solvent-signal interference.

Tritium

³H is known as tritium and contains one proton and two neutrons in its nucleus (mass number = 3). It is radioactive, decaying into helium-3 through beta-decay accompanied by a release of 18.6 keV of energy. It has a half-life of 12.32 years. Naturally occurring tritium is extremely rare on Earth, where trace amounts are formed by the interaction of the atmosphere with cosmic rays.

Heavier Synthetic Isotopes

⁴H contains one proton and three neutrons in its nucleus. It is a highly unstable isotope of hydrogen. It has been synthesized in the laboratory by bombarding tritium with fast-moving deuterium nuclei. In this experiment, the tritium nuclei captured neutrons from the fast-moving deuterium nucleus. The presence of the hydrogen-4 was deduced by detecting the emitted protons. Its atomic mass is 4.02781 ± 0.00011 amu. It decays through neutron emission with a half-life of 1.39 ×10⁻²² seconds.

⁵H is another highly unstable heavy isotope of hydrogen. The nucleus consists of a proton and four neutrons. It has been synthesized in a laboratory by bombarding tritium with fast-moving tritium nuclei. One tritium nucleus captures two neutrons from the other, becoming a nucleus with one proton and four neutrons. The remaining proton may be detected and the existence of hydrogen-5 deduced. It decays through double neutron emission and has a half-life of at least 9.1 × 10⁻²² seconds.

⁶H decays through triple neutron emission and has a half-life of 2.90×10⁻²² seconds. It consists of one proton and five neutrons.

⁷H consists of one proton and six neutrons. It was first synthesized in 2003 by a group of Russian, Japanese and French scientists at RIKEN’s RI Beam Science Laboratory, by bombarding hydrogen with helium-8 atoms. The helium-8’s neutrons were donated to the hydrogen’s nucleus. The two remaining protons were detected by the “RIKEN telescope”, a device composed of several layers of sensors, positioned behind the target of the RI Beam cyclotron.

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